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Twitter Ripped the Veil Off "the Other" - and We Saw Ourselves

by: Andrew Sullivan  |  The Sunday Times Online UK

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Iranian supporters of reformist presidential candidate Mir-Hossein Mousavi. The word about what is happening on the streets of Iran has been pouring out via Twitter. (Photo: Business Week)

New media allowed the world to connect with the Tehran rebels.

    It was not, to put it mildly, a new technology I found impressive. Twitter, the social networking website, allows for only a tiny number of characters to be broadcast in each "tweet", or message, and much of the early tweeting was being done by bored teens or Hollywood celebrities: the illiterate speaking to the impatient.

    When Ashton Kutcher, the film star and avid tweeter, opined the following in April, I couldn't stop laughing: "Years from now, when historians reflect on the time we are currently living in, the names Biz Stone and Evan Williams will be referenced side by side with the likes of Samuel Morse, Alexander Graham Bell, Guglielmo Marconi, Philo Farnsworth, Bill Gates and Steve Jobs - because the creation of Twitter ... is as significant and paradigm-shifting as the invention of Morse code, the telephone, radio, television or the personal computer."

    Well, the last laugh is on me. As I have spent the past week hunched over a laptop, channelling and broadcasting as much information, video and debate about the momentous events in Iran, nothing quite captured the mood and pace of events like the tweets coming from the people of Iran.

    With internet speed deliberately slowed to a crawl by the Iranian authorities, brevity and simplicity were essential. To communicate, they tweeted. Within hours of the farcical election result, I tracked down a bunch of live Twitter feeds and started to edit and rebroadcast them as a stream of human consciousness on the verge of revolution.

    The effect was far more powerful than I had expected. A mix of fact and feeling, rumour and message, here was day one: "It's worth taking the risk, we're going. I won't be able to update until I'm back. Again thanks for your kind support and wish us luck."

    "People were holding signs saying, 'We are not sheep'."

    "State TV right now: rally is illegal and police will use iron fist against law breakers."

    "Tens of thousands of protesters are chanting 'No fear, no fear'."

    As the Basiji paramilitaries roamed the streets and dormitories at night, the tweets gained urgency: "People are running in streets outside. There is panic in streets. People going ino [sic] houses to hide."

    "Baseej shooting in Azadi sq - army standing by and watching for now." "ppl get together in front of our apartment it seems ppl ready for demonstration again in tonight."

    The misspelling, the range of punctuation, the immediacy: it was like overhearing snatches of discourse from police radio. Or it was like reading a million little telegram messages being beamed out like an SOS to the world. Within seconds I could transcribe and broadcast them to hundreds of thousands more.

    As I did so, it was impossible not to feel connected to the people on the streets, especially the younger generation, with their blogs and tweets and Facebook messages - all instantly familiar to westerners in a way that would have been unthinkable a decade or so ago. This new medium ripped the veil off "the other" and we began to see them as ourselves.

    All the accumulated suspicion and fear and alienation from three decades of hostility between Iran and America seemed to slip away. Whatever happens, the ability of this new media to bring people together - to bring the entire world into this revolution on the streets of Iran - has already changed things dramatically.

    Of course, the technology also helped to organise and sustain the resistance in ways unavailable during the 1979 Islamic revolution. Here is how Mohsen Makhmalbaf, film-maker and overseas spokesman for Mir Hossein Mousavi, the focal point of the protests, put it in an interview with Foreign Policy magazine: "In the [1979] revolution, there were young people in the streets who were not as modern as the people are today. And they were in the streets following the lead of a leader, a mullah - in those times Ayatollah Khomeini.

    "Now the young people in the streets are more modern: they use SMS [text messages]; they use the internet. And they are not being actually led by anyone, but they are connected to each other."

    This was, as Clay Shirky, the internet guru, put it, the "big one." The unprecedented eruption from below on the streets of Iran was met with an eruption of new media to cover it. Shirky elaborates: "This is the first revolution that has been catapulted onto a global stage and transformed by social media.

    "I've been thinking a lot about the [anti-establishment] Chicago demonstrations of 1968 where they chanted 'the whole world is watching'. Really, that wasn't true then.

    "But this time it's true ... and people throughout the world are not only listening but responding. They're engaging with individual participants, they're passing on their messages to their friends and they're even providing detailed instructions to [allow] internet access that the authorities can't immediately censor. That kind of participation is really extraordinary."

    This rolling, constantly changing, utterly dispersed and devolved event was ideally suited to the blogosphere and social media, who realised the importance of the story while the American mainstream media were still ignoring it.

    The blogs also picked up the story sooner than much of the mainstream media because Iran has the third-largest number of bloggers in the world. In a police state theocracy, the internet became an alternative reality for the next generation of Iranians to live in. They are tech-savvy, western-oriented and always broadcasting. "One Person = One Broadcaster" was one tweet from the front line.

    We simply became a hub for all this breaking information. This requires journalists getting out of the way of the story rather than attempting to put their own stamp on it and delivering their own version of the truth. I felt last week more like a DJ than a journalist, compiling and sampling and remixing the sounds, sights, events and words streaming out of an ever-shifting drama.

    Of course, this model has serious limitations. The tweets themselves were often reporting rumours; by the end of the week the authorities were setting up decoy tweets to lure protesters into traps or to spread disinformation. I could not verify anything.

    Yet I could use basic common sense and judgment, provide context and caveats, offer an array of breaking opinion sources and quotes, and let my readers use their own judgment as to what was going on. That meant occasional corrections and revisions - but the point of blogging is a first draft of history, warts and all.

    When you review the Twitter stream of the past week, it reads like a stream of constantly shifting consciousness. It is a kind of journalistic pointillism. From a distance it gains heft. It is history rendered in the collective, scattered mind and it has never happened before - millions upon millions of tiny telegram messages sent to the world.

    I don't know where this media revolution is headed any more than I know where the Iranian uprising is headed. What I do know is that something changed last week - something we will not forget and that will transform the way we cover and consume breaking news.

    It happened suddenly and from the ground up. No one can control it any more. They can merely stand by and die or join in and create. This was indeed the "big one" - and it is just getting going.

    Cat-and-Mouse Communications

    The use of Twitter to disseminate information about events in Iran is part of a game of cat and mouse being played by the authorities and the opposition. The social networking site has been one of many outlets used by the protesters to spread news both at home and abroad.

    When postings on Facebook and YouTube early in the uprising attracted the attention of the authorities, they moved to restrict access to the internet, mostly by slowing the country's dial-up service to a crawl. Then the running commentary shifted to Twitter, which people can access by mobile phone as well as the internet.

    This weekend, as users grew wary of "tweets" being used by government officials to identify dissenters, they shifted to using the "status box" on their Google-based Gmail accounts to pass on information.

    In Iran itself, the use of the internet to organise the protests has perhaps been overemphasised. Simple word of mouth, with rallying cries shouted from car windows and the rooftops, has been just as effective.

    Iranians say they have been able to get plenty of information from watching state television or reading conservative newspapers - merely by reversing the content.

    This is a country in which people are used to reading between the lines, such as when unmarried lovers in foreign films are introduced as brother and sister.

  

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Comments

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Excellent story! My

Excellent story! My thoughts exactly too. When I heard of Twitter, and tweeting, the first thing I commented on on some random forum was.. what's the big deal ? What makes "Twitter", so outstanding. And I too have seen the light. Realizing, people will not be held down, even by a government where the internet is concerned. It gives me a huge amount of hope. Because I know.. well am fairly positive anyway.. there will come a time, in American History.. where such things as Twitter are going to be priceless. Thank goodness for them.

Thanks so very much for the

Thanks so very much for the word from inside. As soon as I began reading this piece, I was transported back to the mid-80's when I was a producer for KOA Radio, a 50-000 watt, clear channel giant in the middle of the heartland, basically. When our government went after Noriega, when we went into Panama, & Haiti, everything was censored, & we had no way of getting fresh news. Then, someone thought of shortwave radio & several of us brought in our receivers & went to work finding US-based ham operators who could translate what was coming out of those countries as the action was happening. Of course, it is not nearly as technologically advanced as the Internet, but it was the best we had to work with, & over the course of a few days the first time around, we got to be experts at finding who we needed to find & what we needed to hear. During the maddening times after the Marines were bombed in Beiruit, we found several locals with two-way phones close to our guys, & we would talk to them every night on the graveyard shift while they were in the middle of the day. We were able to get some of the best & freshest news at that time, & we were getting news no one else was getting because no one else, not even the major networks, had yet thought of going "underground," more or less. Of course, the Internet is much more widely available than short wave radios were in the 80's, or any other time, for that matter. And, I can see where we, in the west, can be in the middle of the action & be able to see & hear what is going on without benefit of major news outlets, especially since there is censorship of journalists in Iran right now. Thank you for being in the middle of the heat & being willing to share with the rest of us. I am honored to be living in this time & place where we can, once again, be part of the revolution by being nothing more than a little astute & keeping out eyes & ears open toward the technology of today that's available. Rev. Dr. Phyl Shimaka, Ph.D.

I am as dumbfounded as the

I am as dumbfounded as the author that there is a practical use for twitter. But it does represent true bottom up communication from the people (that all of the top down politicians are always trying to set "free"). It may be the closest thing the world has to freedom of the press

Now mention or question

Now mention or question about the signs being in English? All that excitement about a media that can instantly be subverted by authorities in and outside the country? No mention of the role of the West interfering once again in the Mid-East? Can there be any meaningful revolution for the contemporary world prior to the de-throning of the corporate and financial "princes" of the Western cultures?

I am astonished at how

I am astonished at how easily we fall for the trap of these new technologies. How do we know who those "tweets" are really coming from? Has anyone seen any of these tweeters? Do you imagine that the "tweet-a-shere" is not manipulated? As with any digital technology, reality is no more and no less than what those who control the digital infrastructure want it to be. If one stops for just a moment, to think about the fact that our government has entire pentagon departments that conduct technological warfare, it is not a huge leap to assume that much of what we hear from these anonymous tweeters could well be from our own "intel" community. we, of course, are such saps for technology that we will believe anything we hear. In these times, it is safe to say we cannot even believe what we see.

I believe that Iranians are

I believe that Iranians are upholding the tenets of democracy better than Americans did in 2000,

From Charting Stocks: "Why

From Charting Stocks: "Why were these tweets in English? Why were all of these profiles OBSESSED with Iran? It became obvious that this was the work of a team of people with an interest in destabilizing Iran. The profiles are phonies and were created with the sole intention of destabilizing Iran and effecting public opinion as to the legitimacy of Iran’s election. I narrowed the spammers down to three of the most persistent - @StopAhmadi @IranRiggedElect @Change_For_Iran I decided to do a google search for 2 of the 3 - @StopAhmadi and @IranRiggedElect. The first page to come up was JPost (Jerusalem Post) which is a right wing newspaper pro-Israeli newspaper. JPost actually ran a story about 3 people “who joined the social network mere hours ago have already amassed thousands of followers.” Why would a news organization post a story about 3 people who JUST JOINED TWITTER hours earlier? Is that newsworthy? JPost was the first (and only to my knowledge) major news source that mentioned these 3 spammers." http://www.chartingstocks.net/2009/06/proof-israeli-effort-to-destabilize-iran-via-twitter/

"The neo-con/neo-lib think

"The neo-con/neo-lib think tanks have been running “pro-democracy” sites in Iran for years. Their goal is not really democracy, unless you think of Chile under Pinochet as “democracy”. The candidate who lost is one of the wealthiest men in the world. He left his elected position in Iran years ago under suspicion of wide-spread corruption. He is a free-market zealot who wants to open up the trade restriction, privatize everything including the oil production, and establish a privately owned central banking system like our Federal Reserve. He is in fact, just another version of the Shaw." http://cotocrew.wordpress.com/2009/06/14/progressive-blogs-pushing-%E2%80%9Cshadow-cia%E2%80%9D-spin-on-iran/

I wonder if the next major

I wonder if the next major protest and counter measures in the USA will be tweeted likewise?