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Oil Spills after Katrina Rival Exxon Valdez •
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44 Oil Spills Found in Southeast Louisiana
MSNBC News
Friday 16 September 2005
Largest is nearly 4 million gallons, most big ones are on Mississippi River.
More than 500 specialists are working to clean up 44 oil spills ranging from several hundred gallons to nearly 4 million gallons, the US Coast Guard said in an assessment that goes far beyond initial reports of just two significant spills.
The report comes nearly three weeks after Hurricane Katrina devastated the Gulf Coast, and reflects the fact that the Coast Guard and other agencies are able to only now tackle environmental problems since the search and rescue effort is winding down.
The Coast Guard estimates more than 7 million gallons of oil were spilled from industrial plants, storage depots and other facilities around southeast Louisiana.
That is about two-thirds as much oil as spilled from the Exxon Valdez tanker in 1989. But unlike the oil from the Valdez, which poured from a single source, these oil spills are scattered at sites throughout southeast Louisiana.
The oil could threaten the region's fragile coastal marshes, but three-quarters of it was not posing a danger to wetlands, the Coast Guard said, noting that more than 1.3 million gallons had evaporated or dispersed.
Crews had recovered nearly 2 million gallons and had contained another 2.3 million gallons behind booms and other barriers, the Coast Guard said.
Activists ‘Very Concerned'
The Louisiana Environmental Action Network said it remains concerned given how late the cleanup began and what's known so far.
"We're very concerned," executive director Marylee Orr told MSNBC.com. "We're watching the limited data that has come out."
Of particular concern is a spill in Mereax, a town just outside New Orleans on the Mississippi River, where oil mixed with floodwaters and sediment to submerge hundreds of homes.
Orr said people calling to report problems have been urged to document them until remediation begins.
The combination of sewage, chemicals, oil and other pollutants is an environmental disaster of "epic proportions," Orr said.
No one knows what that "toxic gumbo does to the human body when its exposed at the same time."
In the case of oil spills, the state's Department of Environmental Quality had reported just two significant cases, the one in Meraux and another in Venice.
Below are the largest known spills, most of them along the Mississippi River south of New Orleans.
Major Spills (Over 100,000 Gallons)
Bass Enterprises Production Company (Cox Bay): About 3.78 million gallons discharged, of which 960,000 gallons were recovered, 2 million gallons were contained and 982,000 gallons evaporated.
Shell (Pilot Town): About 1.05 million gallons discharged, of which about 718,000 gallons were recovered, 129,000 were contained and 105,000 gallons evaporated or dispersed. Some 87,000 gallons have not been contained.
Chevron (Empire): About 991,000 gallons were released, of which 983,000 gallons were naturally dispersed or evaporated, 4,000 gallons were recovered and 3,600 gallons were contained.
Murphy Oil Corporation (Meraux): About 819,000 gallons discharged, of which 305,000 were recovered, 196,000 gallons were contained and 312,000 gallons evaporated. Some 6,000 gallons were not recovered.
Bass Enterprises (Point a la Hache): About 461,000 gallons of oil discharged, of which half was contained and half evaporated.
Medium Spills (10,000 to 100,000 Gallons)
Chevron (Port Fourchon): About 53,000 gallons were released, of which 21,000 gallons were naturally dispersed, 26,000 gallons were recovered and 420 gallons were contained.
Venice Energy Services Company (Venice): About 840,000 gallons of potential discharge are enclosed in bermed and boomed area, but only 25,000 gallons were actually discharged, of which 4,800 gallons were recovered.
Shell Pipeline Oil (Nairn): About 13,440 gallons discharged, of which 126 gallons were recovered, 2,940 gallons were contained and 10,500 gallons reached shoreline.
Sundown Energy (West Potash): About 13,000 gallons discharged, of which 153 gallons were recovered, 2,000 gallons were contained, and 5,000 gallons reached shoreline.
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Oil Spills after Katrina Rival Exxon Valdez
Randy Lee Loftis
The Dallas Morning News
Friday 16 September 2005
Hurricane Katrina is rapidly becoming the worst environmental calamity in US history, with oil spills rivaling the Exxon Valdez, hundreds of toxic sites still uncontrolled, and waterborne poisons soaking 160,000 homes.
New Orleans' flooded neighborhoods are awash with dangerous levels of bacteria and lead, and with lower but still potentially harmful amounts of mercury, pesticides and other chemicals. Much will wind up in the soil as the water drains, or in Lake Pontchartrain, hammering its already battered ecosystem.
The total does not count the gasoline from gas stations and the more than 300,000 flooded cars, which was likely to add another 1 million to 2 million gallons. Nor does it count the oil from hundreds of smaller or undiscovered spills. Altogether, 396 calls had come in to the Coast Guard's national oil-spill hotline by Wednesday afternoon.
More than three-quarters of the oil from the Katrina spills had not been recovered by Wednesday, the Coast Guard said.
The magnitude of the oil spills came into focus with word that laboratories trying to test sediment from newly drained areas were having a problem: There was so much petroleum in the dirt that they couldn't test for anything else.
The Exxon Valdez became the benchmark for US oil spills by leaking North Slope crude into Alaska's cold isolation. This time, the danger includes untreated sewage, cancer-causing compounds, nameless black gunk from rail yards, chemicals used to kill plants or insects, substances that are poisonous even in the tiniest amounts, and decomposing remains.
Environmental Protection Agency Administrator Stephen L. Johnson acknowledged the scope of the problem during a Washington press conference. He wouldn't speculate on when residents could return or on whether the EPA might sanction lesser cleanups in some residential areas, in effect turning them into industrial zones.
But he said the agency had learned from its post-Sept. 11 experiences in Manhattan not to downplay risks or declare an area safe too soon.
"All of us ... want New Orleans to return to the thriving city that it was before Katrina," he said, but only if the job is "done right and [is] proactive of public health."
Besides the water, the city must deal with a mass of hazardous debris that Mr. Johnson could describe only as "enormous."
Thomas W. LaPoint, an aquatic biologist who heads the Institute for Applied Sciences at the University of North Texas, said history's infamous toxic sites might prove simple by comparison.
"This is pretty much unprecedented," said Dr. LaPoint. "At other toxic sites, such as Love Canal and Times Beach, there was a point source. Here, the potential for contamination is pretty widely spread throughout the area.
"I can't imagine that they could sample, clean up and open up before next summer – half a year, nine months away."
Throughout the Gulf Coast hurricane area, crews were trying to check 466 industrial facilities that had highly dangerous chemicals before the storm.
The EPA also has visited four Superfund toxic waste sites near New Orleans, looking for obvious damage, but hadn't tested yet to see what happened there.
Another Superfund site, the Agriculture Street landfill in eastern New Orleans, hadn't been inspected. The site, where low-income housing and a school were built on or near the waste years ago, is still under water.
Workers were cruising the flooded streets and the drained areas for hazardous material, retrieving more than 5,000 containers so far, including gas cylinders and a medical waste container that they found floating.
The air, too, is a source of danger in New Orleans. An EPA airplane equipped with electronic sensors to spot air pollution detected a plume of chloroacetic acid, an industrial agent and defoliant that poses extreme toxic risks when inhaled.
Ground crews found the source, an open, 55-gallon drum, and secured it, Mr. Johnson said.
Some say the toxic flood has revealed a chasm in agencies' ability of to cope with a huge disaster.
"To deal with anything the size of the New Orleans metropolitan area, it's beyond their comprehension," said Willie Fontenot, who worked for the Louisiana attorney general's office for 27 years, helping local communities battle the state's politically powerful polluters.
"We don't have any kind of system set up in the country to do that," said Mr. Fontenot, who retired in April and lives in Baton Rouge. "And it's needed."
For now the task is to pump billions of gallons of highly polluted water into Lake Pontchartrain. The nation's second largest salt-water lake had just begun recovering from ecological collapse.
At the EPA's request, the Army Corps of Engineers put out floating barriers to try to stop some oil and gasoline before it enters the lake. But they won't stop the two most immediate threats in the water, high levels of bacteria and lead.
One site sampled Sept. 3, an Interstate 10 interchange north of the French Quarter, had lead 56 times higher than the amount that would be allowed in drinking water. Other samples taken days later across a much wider area were also high, but not near that mark.
Officials haven't pinpointed a source, but a likely suspect is the lead paint that for decades covered the city's huge stock of old houses. If that proves true, it could reveal problems in New Orleans' performance in lead paint removal, a major public health priority.
So far the EPA has called the most attention to test results that exceeded safe drinking water limits, which are generally the strictest that the government enforces. But that approach obscures dozens of instances in which the water contained lesser amounts of pesticides, metals, or other harmful substances that could still cause problems.
For example, at several test sites, the floodwater contained 2,4-D, a widely used weed killer. All were around 3 micrograms per liter, well below the 70-microgram limit for that chemical in drinking water.
However, that federal limit was set not because it's the safest level for people, but because current water treatment technology can't "reasonably" be required to achieve lower levels, the EPA says.
For many of the chemicals in the New Orleans floodwater, the agency hasn't established how much should be allowed in drinking water, so there's no way for the public to tell easily if the measured amounts might hurt people.
Tests also show that toxic substances in the floodwater will enter the coastal food chain.
Several water samples had mercury, a powerful nerve poison, above the amount allowed in saltwater environments in order to protect the long-term health of people eating fish or shellfish.
The results also show gaps in the current knowledge. Tests so far did not look at TCCD, the most widely studied form of dioxin.
Dr. Arnold Schecter, one of the world's foremost authorities on dioxin, said the tissues of fish or people, not floodwater, would be the best place to look for dioxin.
"These are fat-soluble compounds, so you're not going to see much in water or soil or air," said Dr. Schecter, professor of environmental science at the University of Texas School of Public Health at Houston's Dallas campus
Dioxin, which comes from several industrial sources, does show up in fish and can wind up in people through the food chain. Serious dioxin levels have been found in the southwest Louisiana town of Lake Charles, and Dr. Schecter said he'd be surprised if biological monitoring did not reveal a similar problem in New Orleans.
Another concern, he said, is that long-lasting pollutants will remain in higher concentrations and higher toxicity when the water dries up. "The question will be how much will get into people by the three routes, respiratory, gastrointestinal and dermal or skin."
Blood tests might be necessary to find out if people have been exposed to such dangers, he said.
Those who have been working in the floodwater understand the danger all too well. One is J.T. Ewing, who for his living deals with some of the world's most toxic muck, the pungent and flammable stuff that leaks out of oil tankers in the Gulf of Mexico.
But it was in the neighborhoods of New Orleans, steering a rescue boat past the roofs of ruined homes, where he didn't want to touch the water.
"Normally, you get your boat stuck on top of a car, which does happen, or on top of a fence, you just put your foot down on it and push off," said Mr. Ewing, who works for the Texas General Land Office's oil spill program.
"This time, nobody wanted to put their foot in the water unless they were wearing rubber boots."
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