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What They Didn't Teach Us in Library School
By Chip Ward
TomDispatch.com
Sunday 01 April 2007
The public library as an asylum for the
homeless.
Ophelia sits by the fireplace and mumbles softly, smilin' and gesturing at
no one in particular. She gazes out the large window through the two pairs of
glasses she wears, one windshield-sized pair over a smaller set perched precariously
on her small nose. Perhaps four lenses help her see the invisible other she
is addressing. When her "nobody there" conversation disturbs the reader
seated beside her, Ophelia turns, chuckles at the woman's discomfort, and explains,
"Don't mind me, I'm dead. It's okay. I've been dead for some time now."
She pauses, then adds reassuringly, "It's not so bad. You get used to it."
Not at all reassured, the woman gathers her belongings and moves quickly away.
Ophelia shrugs. Verbal communication is tricky. She prefers telepathy, but that's
hard to do since the rest of us, she informs me, "don't know the rules."
Margi is not so mellow. The "fucking Jews" have been at it again
she tells a staff member who asks her for the umpteenth time to settle down
and stop talking that way. "Communist!" she hisses and storms off,
muttering that she will "sue the boss." Margi is at least 70 and her
behavior shows obvious signs of dementia. The staff's efforts to find out her
background are met with angry diatribes and insults. She clutches a book on
German grammar and another on submarines that she reads upside down to "make
things right."
Mick is having a bad day, too. He hasn't misbehaved but sits and stares, glassy-eyed.
This is usually the prelude to a seizure. His seizures are easier to deal with
than Bob's, for instance, because he usually has them while seated and so rarely
hits his head and bleeds, nor does he ever soil his pants. Bob tends to pace
restlessly all day and is often on the move when, without warning, his seizures
strike. The last time he went down, he cut his head. The staff has learned to
turn him over quickly after he hits the floor, so that his urine does not stain
the carpet.
John is trying hard not to be noticed. He has been in trouble lately for the
scabs and raw, wet spots that are spreading across his hands and face. Staff
members have wondered aloud if he is contagious and asked him to get himself
checked-out, but he refuses treatment. He knows he is still being tracked, thanks
to the implants the nurse slipped under his skin the last time he surrendered
to the clinic and its prescriptions. There are frequencies we don't hear -
but he does. Thin whistles and a subtle beeping indicate he is being followed,
his eye movements tracked and recorded. He claims he falls asleep in his chair
by the stairway because "the little ones" poke him in the legs with
sharp objects that inject sleep-inducing potions.
Franklin sits quietly by the fireplace and reads a magazine about celebrities.
He is fastidiously dressed and might be mistaken for a businessman or a professional.
His demeanor is confident and normal. If you watch him closely, though, you
will see him slowly slip his hand into the pocket of his sports jacket and furtively
pull out a long, shiny carpenter's nail. With it, he carefully pokes out the
eyes of the celebs in any photo. Then the nail is returned to his pocket, a
faint smirk crossing his face as he turns the page to pursue his next photo
victim.
Scenes from a psych ward? Not at all. Welcome to the Salt Lake City Public
Library. Like every urban library in the nation, the City Library, as it is
called, is a de facto daytime shelter for the city's "homeless."
Where the Outcasts Are Inside
In bad weather - hot, cold, or wet - most of the homeless have nowhere to
go but public places. The local shelters push them out onto the streets at six
in the morning and, even when the weather is good, they are already lining up
by nine, when the library opens, because they want to sit down and recover from
the chilly dawn or use the restrooms. Fast-food restaurants, hotel lobbies,
office foyers, shopping malls, and other privately owned businesses and properties
do not tolerate their presence for long. Public libraries, on the other hand,
are open and accessible, tolerant, even inviting and entertaining p'aces for
them to seek refuge from a world that will not abide their often disheveled
and odorous presentation, their odd and sometimes obnoxious behaviors, and the
awkward challenges they present to those who encounter them.
Although the public may not have caught on, ask any urban library administrator
in the nation where the chronically homeless go during the day and he or she
will tell you about the struggles of America's public librarians to cope with
their unwanted and unappreciated role as the daytime guardians of the down and
out. In our public libraries, the outcasts are inside.
"Homeless" is a misleading term. We have homeless people in America
today, in part, because we have no living wage, no universal healthcare, disintegrating
communities, and a large population of working poor who can end up on the street
if they lose one of their part-time jobs, experience an illness or an accident,
or have a domestic crisis. For them, homelessness is generally temporary, probably
a once-in-a-lifetime experience. There is little to distinguish such people
from the rest of us and we usually do not notice their presence among us. Programs
to help people in such circumstances may be inadequate - and it is a shame
they are needed at all - but they usually work. For the people we point to
on the street or in public places and normally identify as homeless, however,
homelessness is a way of life and our best attempts to rescue them continually
fail.
We commonly refer to them as "street people." We see them sleeping
in parks, huddled over grates on sidewalks, resting or sleeping on subway cars,
passed out in doorways, or panhandling with crude cardboard signs. Social workers
refer to them as the "chronically homeless." Although they make up
only about 10% of the total number of people who experience homelessness in
a given year, they soak up more than half the dollars we spend on programs to
address homelessness. There are at least 200,000 people across the nation living
more or less permanently on the street, enough to fill a thousand public libraries
every day.
Drunk as a Skunk
The term "chronically homeless" is also inadequate when it comes
to describing these individuals - it only tells you that their homeless state
is frequent. It neither indicates why they are homeless and stay that way, nor
says anything about their most salient characteristic: Most of them are mentally
ill. The published data on how many homeless are considered mentally ill by
those who study them varies widely from 10% to 70%, depending on whether all
the homeless, or just the chronically homeless, are included (and depending
on how you define illness or disability). How, for example, do you categorize
alcoholics and drug addicts?
When Crash is sober, for instance, he reasons like you or me, converses normally,
and has a good sense of humor. Unfortunately, he is rarely sober. In one of
his better moments, he petitioned me to let him stay in the library even though
he was caught drinking - an automatic six-month suspension. "You know
I'm a good guy and I don't bring that stuff into the library," he pleads.
"C'mon, give me another chance."
Crash is sitting in his wheelchair in the foyer outside my office where I serve
as the library's assistant director. It's hard for me to address Crash without
staring at the massive scar on his face - a deep crease that neatly divides
it down the middle from scalp to chin. Unfortunately, his nose is also divided
and the sides do not match-up, giving him an asymmetrical appearance like a
Picasso painting on wheels.
"Alcoholics pass out in the library's chairs," I explain, "and
if we can't wake you up we have to call the paramedics. If you piss your pants
or puke, the custodians have to clean that up and they hate that. You guys fall
down and knock things over. You're unpredictable when you drink. You disrupt
others. Public intoxication is against the law..."
"Okay, okay," he interrupts me, "I get it. Hey, just thought
I'd try and get back in is all - no hard feelings, ma'."
No hard feelings I assure him. He smiles and we shake hands. I wish I could
cut him some slack - after dozens of confrontations with angry and threatening
drunks, I appreciate a cheerful drinker like Crash - but I can't afford to
establish a precedent I can't keep. The rule is clear: no drinking in the library
and no exceptions. As he waits for the elevator doors to open and take him down,
I venture a question I've been holding onto for awhile. "I know it's none
of my business, but how did you get that scar?"
"Car accident," he replies, "same one as put me in this wheelchair.
That's why they call me Crash."
"Were you drinking?" I ask.
He shakes his head and sighs. "Drunk as a skunk... drunk as a skunk."
As the elevator descends I think about just how hard it must be to be both wheelchair-bound
and homeless. I wonder about the commonly held notion that alcoholics must "hit
bottom" before they can rebound. Is there such a thing as bottom for guys
like Crash? Is he any more capable of controlling his urge to drink than Ophelia
can control the voices in her head?
Our condemnation of transient-style alcoholism is both hypocritical and snobbish.
If you are unhappy and caught without a prescription in America, you self-medicate.
Depressed lawyers do it with fine scotch. An unemployed trucker might turn to
beer or meth. Anxiety-ridden teachers or waitresses might smoke pot or order
just one more margarita. Indigent people who want relief from their demons drink
whatever is available and affordable or swallow whatever pills come their way.
Dr. Tichenor's mouthwash is a popular choice for street alcoholics and "Doc
Tich," as the brand is commonly known, doesn't offer a pinot noir.
What Library School Didn't Cover
The strong odor of mouthwash on the breath of transient alcoholics who shelter
with us is often masked by the overwhelming odor of old sweat, urine-stained
pants, and the bad-dairy smell that unwashed bodies and clothes give off. It
can take your breath away long before you can smell theirs.
The library wrestles with where to draw the line on odor. The law is unclear.
An aggressive patron in New Jersey successfully sued a public library for banning
him because of his body odor. That decision has had a chilling effect on public
libraries ever since. When library users complain about the odor of transients,
librarians usually respond that there isn't much they can do about it. Lately,
libraries are learning to write policies on odor that are more specific and
so can be defended in court, but such rules are still hard to enforce because
smell is such a subjective thing - and humiliating someone by telling him he
stinks is an awkward experience that librarians prefer to avoid. None of this
was covered in library school.
It's a chicken-or-egg world for the mentally-ill homeless. Are they on the
street because they are immobilized by severe depression or is deep depression
the consequence of being on the street? Any tendency towards a psychological
problem is aggravated and magnified by the constant stress, social isolation,
loss of self-esteem, despair, and relentless boredom of street life. Imagine
the degradation of waiting an hour in the cold rain to get into a soup kitchen
for a meal; the hassle of hunting endlessly for an unpoliced spot to sleep;
the constant fear of being robbed or attacked by other street people; or the
indignity of defecating in a vacant lot. It's a combination that would probably
drive a mentally healthy person to psychosis and substance abuse. Street people,
who suffer serious psychological disorders, are often substance abusers, too,
and the drug that a psychotic person prefers, often matches the psychosis. I
have learned, for example, that bi-polar users prefer cocaine when in their
manic phases and schizophrenics gravitate, naturally enough, to hallucinogens.
Alcohol and drugs mix with depression, schizophrenia, bi-polar disorder, and
paranoia in complex ways, so it is hard to pull any given disorder apart and
understand just who this person in front of you, cursing or pleading or thrashing
on the floor, may be. Public librarians, of course, are not trained to do this.
We deal with behaviors that are symptomatic without understanding why someone
is suffering or what we can do about it. And even if we did understand and had
been trained for such situations, healing the homeless is not our mission. Taxpayers
expect us to provide library services and leave the homeless to social workers.
They give us resources only for one mission, not two.
What about those social workers then? They turn out to be too few, under-funded,
over-worked, and overwhelmed. My initial unsuccessful attempts to get the social
workers who operate the "homeless van" to stop in and assess a "regular"
homeless patron who, we suspected, had suffered a stroke, reminded me that they
had more pressing priorities. In the dead of winter, they struggle to get people
sleeping in alleys or passed out on sidewalks indoors so they don't freeze to
death. Theirs is an everyday "life or death" race. If a homeless guy
is inside the library, then, "Hey, mission accomplished."
Navigating the Archipelago of Despair
A workshop I attended on treating Native Americans for alcoholism compellingly
described how incorporating sweat lodges, healing ceremonies, and other elements
from Native American culture into established treatment methods can improve
their effectiveness for Native American patients. Of course, the social worker
added, it's essential to provide a halfway-house option between rehab and release
and that remains a huge problem. Typically, he told us, his clients wait three
to six months to get into a halfway-house after rehab.
"And where do they go while they wait?" I asked, naively enough.
He shrugged and sighed. "Back with their drinking buddies in the park,
under the bridge, wherever."
The inadequacy of existing resources and the absurdity of the conditions they
endure are just part of the landscape, a given for social workers. Public librarians
can cooperate with (and learn from) them, but we understand that they are overwhelmed
and often unavailable. So, like it or not, we are ushered into the ranks of
auxiliary social workers with no resources whatsoever.
Local hospitals are also uncertain allies. They have little room for the indigent
mentally ill for whose treatment they often can't get reimbursed. So they deal
with the crisis at hand, fork over some pills, and send the hopeless homeless
on their way.
A manager at a shelter-clinic told me that he keeps a stash of petty cash handy
because sometimes a taxi arrives at his door from one of the city's hospitals,
carrying an incoherent patient without ID or any possessions other than the
hospital gown he or she is wearing. When that happens, clinic workers are instructed
to rush for the cab before it can unload its passenger and pay the driver to
return to the hospital, puzzled cargo still in hand.
Throughout the fragmented system of healthcare for homeless people, from rehab
to hospitals to jails, there are few ground rules or protocols for discharging
the mentally ill and next to no communication between healthcare providers,
police, social workers, and shelter managers in this archipelago of despair.
Public librarians are out of the loop altogether; our role in providing daytime
shelter for the homeless is ignored. When, in an attempt to build my own useful
network, I attended conferences on homeless issues, I was always met with puzzlement
and the question: "What are you doing here?"
"Where do you think they go during the day?" I would invariably answer.
"Oh, yeah, I guess that's right - you deal with them, too," would
be the invariable response, always offered as if that never occurred to them
before.
Paramedics are caught in the middle of this dark carnival of confusion and
neglect. In the winter, when the transient population of the library increases
dramatically, we call them almost every day. Once, when I apologized to a paramedic
for calling twice, he responded, "Hey, no need to expl'in or apologize."
He swept his arm towards the other paramedics, surrounding a portable gurney
on which they would soon carry a disoriented old man complaining of dizziness
to the emergency room. "Look at us," he said, "we're the mobile
homeless clinic. This is what we do. All day long, day after day, and mostly
for the same people over and over."
Sanitizing Gels and Latex Gloves: Plying the Librarian's Trade
The cost of this mad system is staggering. Cities that have tracked chronically
homeless people for the police, jail, clinic, paramedic, emergency room, and
other hospital services they require, estimate that a typical transient can
cost taxpayers between $20,000 and $150,000 a year. You could not design a more
expensive, wasteful, or ineffective way to provide healthcare to individuals
who live on the street than by having librarians like me dispense it through
paramedics and emergency rooms. For one thing, fragmented, episodic care consistently
fails, no matter how many times delivered. It is not only immoral to ignore
people who are suffering illness in our midst, it's downright stupid public
policy. We do not spend too little on the problems of the mentally disabled
homeless, as is often assumed, instead we spend extravagantly but foolishly.
And the costs could grow far beyond the measure of money. If an epidemic of
deadly flu were to strike, if an easily communicable strain of tuberculosis
or some other devastating disease emerges, paramedics will be overwhelmed by
their homeless clients who are at high risk for such illnesses. People who drink
until they pass out tend to aspirate and choke, and people who sleep outdoors
at night breathe cold, damp air. People who sleep in crowded shelters breathe
each other's air.
Serious respiratory problems among the chronically homeless in a shelter are
as common as beer guts at a racetrack. If an epidemic strikes, the susceptibility
of the homeless will translate into an increased risk of exposure for the rest
of us and, eerily enough, our public libraries could become Ground Zeroes for
the spread of killer flu. Librarians are reluctant to make plans for handling
such scenarios because we do not want to convey the message that America's libraries
are anything but the safe and welcoming environments they remain today.
But here's the thing: It's not just about libraries. The chronically homeless
share bus stops, subways, park benches, handrails, restrooms, drinking fountains,
and fast-food booths with us or with others we encounter daily, who also share
the air we breathe and the surfaces we touch. When sick or drunk, they vomit
in public restrooms (if we are lucky). Having a population that is at once vulnerable
to disease and able to spread microbes widely to others is simply foolish -
and unnecessary - public policy, but in the library we focus on more immediate
risks. We offer our staff hepatitis vaccinations and free tuberculosis checks.
We place sanitizing gels and latex gloves at every public desk. Who would guess
that working in a library could be a hazardous occupation?
In Place of Snake-Pit Hospitals, Snake-Pit Jails
Ultimately, the indigent mentally ill are criminalized. If their presence in
our libraries is a common and growing problem that we librarians would like
the rest of society to be aware of, acknowledge, and commit themselves to helping
us solve, here is a secret we would like to keep to ourselves: We are complicit.
No matter how conscientiously and compassionately we try to treat our mentally
disturbed users - and at the Salt Lake City Public Library we work very hard
to be fair, helpful, and tolerant - librarians often have no good choices and,
in the end, we just call the cops.
Take, for example, the case of a young man who entered the library fuming and
spitting racial and ethnic slurs. He loudly asked some Hispanic teenagers, who
were doing their homework, when they crossed the border and they reported his
rude behavior. When a security guard approached, the young man started yelling
obscenities and'then took a swing at him. To his credit, the guard backed off
and tried to calm him; but, on the next lunge, the guard took the kid down,
cuffed his hands behind his back, and called the police. They recognized him.
He had been let out of jail just two days earlier. Putting him back there, staff
members argued, obviously wasn't going to make a difference. Shouldn't he be
taken to a hospital for treatment?
The police pointed out that he was simply too strong and violent to be handled
at a hospital, so he would have to go to jail. While waiting to be taken away,
the kid turned some corner in his mind and left sobbing.
His behavior was not a measure of his character or even of his civility, but
of how severe his psychosis had become without treatment and under the stress
of prison. The man was sick, not bad. If we accept that schizophrenia, for instance,
is not the result of a character flaw or a personal failing but of some chemical
imbalance in the brain - an imbalance that can strike regardless of a person's
values, beliefs, upbringing, social standing, or intent, just like any other
disease - then why do we apply a kind of moral judgment we wouldn't use in
other medical situations? We do not, for example, jail a diabetic who is acting
drunk because his body chemistry has become so unbalanced that he is going into
insulin shock, but we frequently jail schizophrenics when their brain chemistries
become so unbalanced that they act out, as if punishment were the appropriate
and effective response to a mental disorder.
And the police aren't happy about their role either. Cities are responding
to such problems with mental health courts and the like for sorting out the
mentally disturbed from other prisoners. Salt Lake City now has a model program,
but nationally there is a long way to go.
According to the Department of Justice, there are about four times as many
people with mental illnesses incarcerated in America today as under treatment
in state mental hospitals. Some jails devote entire wings to the mentally ill.
Jails, of course, are intended to control, intimidate, and humiliate. Such
a dehumanizing environment can be especially devastating for the mentally ill.
I am particularly wary when dealing with street people who are recently out
of jail because they are likely to be in an especially agitated state. Of course,
cops and jailers are no better trained or prepared than librarians to handle
people with serious psychological problems. This is a bond we share - our unacknowledged
charge and our inevitable failure to meet it.
In the 1980s, during the Reagan administration, the discharged mentally ill
began to be "deinstitutionalized" from crowded hospitals with "snake
pit" conditions where they got inadequate treatment. They were supposed
to be integrated into local communities and cared for by local clinics. That
was the dream anyway, but such humane alternatives to indifferent hospitalization
failed to materialize.
The clinics were never built and the communities that were supposed to embrace
the mentally ill didn't get the memo. The safety net that was to catch them
proved to be chockfull of holes. Instead, they migrated to urban psychiatric
ghettoes - alleys, parks, abandoned buildings, vacant lots, and flophouses.
As housing became more competitive and costly in the 1990s, they were further
compressed into the margins of society where their suffering festered like an
open wound. Now, it is up to the police to re-institutionalize them - but this
time in snake-pit prisons where they generally receive no treatment at all.
So, in the last couple of decades, we have exchanged revolving doors to padded
cells for revolving doors to jail cells with steel bars.
The cost of keeping a mentally-ill person in jail is not cheap. In Utah, it
turns out to be the yearly equivalent of tuition at an Ivy League college. For
that kind of taxpayer money, we could get our mentally ill off the streets and
into stable housing environments with enough leftover for the kinds of support
services most of t'em need to stay off the street. Again, the right thing to
do for them may also be the most practical choice for us. We could solve the
problem for less than it costs to manage it. In the meanwhile, they will cycle
between the jail and the library. Is it any wonder that they crave a calm and
entertaining environment after weeks, months, or years of fear and noise in
jail? From a taxpayer's perspective, however, it seems cheaper to warehouse
them in the library, between stints in jail - or simply to pay no attention
to where they are at all.
Refusing Treatment
Even if treatment options were not so scarce and inadequate, many of the mentally
ill would not get treatment because they refuse to be treated. Paranoia is rampant
on the street and paranoid people do not willingly submit to strange doctors
and nurses who might "implant" something in them - or worse. The
cops, paramedics, and social workers can't take a person to the hospital just
because he is ranting incoherently. He has to be a danger to himself or others.
Committing the mentally ill, homeless or otherwise, to treatment facilities
against their wills is a civil liberties conundrum. As a political activist
with controversial ideas, I am sensitive to the issues raised when citizens
are forced into treatment. Images of Soviet dissidents getting dragged into
psych wards and drugged come immediately to mind. But when a person is hallucinating
and clearly upset, it is hard to accept, as I have often heard from social workers
and the police, that "nothing can be done."
Sid was in his twenties when he came to us - a tall, lanky, blond kid with
a scraggly beard who walked around rumpled and slump-shouldered, his head hung
in a beaten-dog kind of way. He avoided eye-contact and was very quiet most
of the time. He liked to read graphic novels and comic books. Occasionally,
though, he would jump up and move quickly outside where he would shout and twitch
uncontrollably. He seemed to sense when his Tourette's Syndrome would strike
and wanted to spare us.
On his worst days, he was troubled by hallucinations and voices he would answer
in exasperated whispers. The police told me he had been raped by other transients
- a common occurrence on the street, bound to aggravate and complicate existing
psychological disorders. When addressed directly, Sid was unfailingly polite
and soft-spoken. Sometimes, we saw him eating scraps from garbage receptacles.
The library staff worried about him, replaced his clothes when they fell apart,
and bought him food when he grew thin and pale.
Sid, however, refused treatment. The case could be made that Sid was a danger
to himself. After all, he often wasn't coherent enough to acquire food for himself.
But nobody made that case. One day Sid disappeared. Staff members looked for
him on the street and asked other homeless patrons if they had seen him. No
one knew a thing and we never saw him again. I often wonder what happened to
him. I like to imagine that he was rescued by family members who had been looking
for him. It's far more likely that Sid's demons led him to a bus and that he's
wandering the margins of another alien city where "nothing can be done."
We see so much despair of Sid's sort among the lost souls who shelter at the
library that, by winter's end - our "homeless season" - we often
find ourselves hard put to cope with our own feelings of depression and frustration.
As one library manager told me, "I struggle not to internalize what I experience
here, but there are days I just go home and burst out in tears." She is
considering leaving the profession.
Another colleague started out in social work and transitioned to a library
career when she found she couldn't handle the emotional stress of dealing with
her down-and-out clients. Imagine her surprise to rediscover her feelings of
despair while working in the library. "I deal with the same clientele,"
she told me one day, "but now I have no way of making a difference. I still
go home feeling sad and discouraged that, in a nation as rich and 'owerful as
ours, we abandon mentally ill people on the streets and then resent them for
being sick in public."
There is hope, however. After decades of studies by various task forces, followed
by experiments by local governments, a consensus has emerged that the most effective
way to help chronically homeless people is to stabilize them in housing first
and then offer treatment. Social scientists and policy-makers have concluded,
logically enough, that it is hard to "get better" while living in
a stressful, demeaning, and unstable environment and easier to recover when
one feels safe and secure.
This "housing first" strategy isn't cheap, but it is far more realistic
and effective than requiring people to get better as a prerequisite for housing
- and it costs much less than failing the way we do now. Salt Lake County,
like many local governments, has created a ten-year plan to end homelessness
based on housing-first principles. The wheel of reform is moving slowly, however,
and many people who need help now will suffer and die on the street before things
can turn their way (if they ever actually do). And the librarians at the City
Library and the good citizens of Salt Lake will watch them struggle daily, while
waiting for saner policies to take hold.
Gaining the World and Losing Each Other
In the meantime, the Salt Lake City Public Library - Library Journal's 2006
"Library of the Year" - has created a place where the diverse ideas
and perspectives that sustain an open and inclusive civil society can be expressed
safely, where disparate citizens can discover common ground, self-organize,
and make wise choices together. We do not collect just books, we also gather
voices. We empower citizens and invite them to engage one another in public
dialogues. I like to think of our library as the civic ballroom of our community
where citizens can practice that awkward dance of mutuality that is the very
signature of a democratic culture.
And if the chronically homeless show up at the ball, looking worse than Cinderella
after midnight? Well, in a democratic culture, even disturbing information is
useful feedback. When the mentally ill whom we have thrown onto the streets
haunt our public places, their presence tells us something important about the
state of our union, our national character, our priorities, and our capacity
to care for one another. That information is no less important than the information
we provide through databases and books. The presence of the impoverished mentally
ill among us is not an eloquent expression of civil discourse, like a lecture
in the library's auditorium, but it speaks volumes nonetheless.
The belief that we are responsible for each other's social, economic, and political
well-being, that we will care for our weakest members compassionately, should
be the keystone in the moral architecture of a democratic culture. We will not
stand by while our fellow citizens are deprived of their fellowship and citizenship
- which is why we ended racial segregation and practices like poll taxes that
kept disenfranchised Americans powerless. We will not let children starve. We
do not consign orphans to the streets like they do in Brazil or let children
be sold into prostitution as they do in Thailand. We are proud of our struggles
to meet people's basic needs and to encourage inclusion. Why, then, are the
mentally ill still such an exception to those fundamental standards?
America is proud of its hyper-individualism, our liberation from the bonds
of tribe and the social constraints of traditional societies. We glorify the
accomplishments of inventors, innovators, entrepreneurs, pioneers, and artists.
But while some individuals thrive and the cutting edge of our technology is
wondrous, the plight of the chronically homeless tells me that our communities
are also fragmented and disintegrating. We may have gained the world and lost
each other.
The Penan nomads of Sarawak, Borneo, members of an indigenous and primal culture,
have no technology or material comforts that com'are with our mighty achievements.
They have one word for "he," "she," and "it."
But they have six words for "we." Sharing is an obligation and is
expected, so they have no phrase for "thank you." An American child
is taught that homelessness is regrettable but inevitable since some people
are bound to fail. A child of the Penan is taught that a poor man shames us
all.
Ophelia is not so far off after all - in a sense she is dead and has been
for some time. Hers is a kind of social death from shunning. She is neglected,
avoided, ignored, denied, overlooked, feared, detested, pitied, and dismissed.
She exists alone in a kind of social purgatory. She waits in the library, day
after day, gazing at us through multiple lenses and mumbling to her invisible
friends. She does not expect to be rescued or redeemed. She is, as she says,
"used to it."
She is our shame. What do you think about a culture that abandons suffering
people and expects them to fend for themselves on the street, then criminalizes
them for expressing the symptoms of illnesses they cannot control? We pay lip
service to this tragedy - then look away fast. As a library administrator,
I hear the public express annoyance more often than not: "What are they
doing in here?" "Can't you control them?" Annoyance is the cousin
of arrogance, not shame.
We will let Ophelia and the others stay with us and we will be firm but kind.
We will wait for America to wake up and deal with its Ophelias directly, deliberately,
and compassionately. In the meantime, our patrons will continue to complain
about her and the others who seek shelter with us. Yes, we know, we say to them;
we hear you loud and clear. Be patient, please, we are doing the best we can.
Are you?
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Chip Ward recently retired as the assistant director of the Salt Lake City
Public Library System to devote more time to political activism and writing.
He has led several successful campaigns to make polluters accountable and to
stop nuclear utilities from turning the Great Basin Desert into a radioactive
sacrifice zone. His books, Canaries on the Rim: Living Downwind in the West
and Hope's Horizon: Three Visions for Healing the American Land, encourage others
to embrace their roles as citizens and to act now to restore a democratic culture
to America.
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