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EPA is Missing in Action on Major Environmental Issues, Observers
Charge
By Margaret Kriz
The National Journal
Monday 14 April 2008
The Environmental Protection Agency is failing to live up to its name these
days, its legions of critics agree. At a time when the nation's top environmental
regulators face increasingly complex pollution problems, President Bush is pushing
for dramatic cuts in EPA's budget, his administration's strained, pro-industry
interpretations of environmental laws have repeatedly been laughed out of court,
and the White House is widely perceived to be running roughshod over agency
scientists and lawyers.
Environmental experts charge that the agency's vanishing act is undercutting
environmental statutes and delaying much-needed new efforts to clean up the
nation's air, water, and land as well as aggressively tackle global warming.
"There has been a steady drumbeat of actions that this administration has
taken to weaken clean-air protections in this country," says S. William
Becker, executive director of the National Association of Clean Air Agencies,
which represents state and local pollution control officials. "Their actions
have had very serious and substantial adverse impacts on our ability to provide
health protection in this country."
Since the Democratic takeover of Capitol Hill in January 2007, EPA Administrator
Stephen Johnson has been continually hauled before Congress to answer for the
Bush administration's environmental policies. "I view this administration
as environmental outlaws," Senate Environment and Public Works Committee
Chairwoman Barbara Boxer told National Journal. "Every time the EPA deviates
from what their scientists recommend, we know one thing for sure: People will
get sick, and some will die."
The California Democrat objects, for example, to the administration's recent
rejection of the tough new health standard for controlling smog (also known
as ozone) that EPA's independent scientific panel had recommended. Instead of
taking the panel's advice, Johnson followed the president's orders and adopted
an ozone standard that, many experts charge, includes weaker environmental protections.
According to Boxer, "EPA's own analysis shows that Administrator Johnson's
[ozone] decision ... could result in between approximately 1,000 and 2,000 more
premature deaths each year."
Legal experts say that even more than under Bush's two previous administrators,
Christine Todd Whitman and Mike Leavitt, Johnson's EPA is regularly pushed around
by politically powerful advisers at the White House and in other departments.
"There's a sense that the agency has not stood up for itself and has been
run over by other interests in the executive branch - and that it's happened
under Steve Johnson's stewardship," said Richard Lazarus, an environmental
law professor at Georgetown.
"He has not been a strong administrator, a strong voice in the administration,"
Lazarus continued. "In case after case, to the extent that the EPA career
and science people have sought something, the White House has repeatedly trumped
his judgment more than has happened in the past."
Critics acknowledge that ever since President Nixon created the supposedly
independent agency in 1970, every EPA administrator has faced conflicts between
what the agency's experts recommend and what the White House demands. "But
it seems to me that that tension is now at an acute level," said Jonathan
Cannon, director of the University of Virginia Law School's environmental and
land-use program. "It's causing extreme friction within the agency and
institutional damage. It's demoralizing the legal staff, and it's further separating
staff from the political leadership at the agency." Cannon served at EPA
during the Reagan, George H.W. Bush, and Clinton administrations.
EPA's current lawyers and scientists say that agency morale is almost as bad
as it was in the early 1980s after President Reagan appointed pro-industry Anne
Gorsuch Burford to head it. EPA's reputation fell so low under Burford that
Reagan felt obligated to sack her and bring back William Ruckelshaus, the agency's
beloved first administrator.
Burford's controversial tenure led EPA's professional staff to organize a branch
of the National Treasury Employees Union in hopes of "being able to do
our work with the minimum of political interference," said union Vice President
J. William Hirzy, an EPA scientist. He charges that the Bush administration's
tactics constitute "POLITICAL INTERFERENCE - in all capital letters."
As a consequence, Hirzy's group and three other employee unions have withdrawn
from EPA's labor-management partnership council in protest.
White House meddling has pulled EPA "off to the extreme end of the right-wing
perspective on the environment, reflecting not even a consensus within the Republican
Party but the views of some who are particularly hostile to the agency's historic
mission," says Daniel Esty, an environmental law professor at Yale who
served as the EPA administrator's deputy chief of staff during the George H.W.
Bush administration and now advises Democratic presidential candidate Barack
Obama on environmental policy.
Into the Limelight
Although the White House seems to be calling the tune on the administration's
environmental policies, most observers say that Johnson rarely objects. Johnson,
57, was elevated to administrator in May 2005 after decades of toiling in relative
obscurity at the agency. Bush brags about Johnson's credentials as a 27-year
EPA scientist. For his part, Johnson enjoys telling his staff and visitors about
his travels on Air Force One, his invitations to Camp David, and his wife's
friendship with Laura Bush.
But the job of EPA administrator has become much less pleasant since the Democrats
won control of Congress and began zeroing in on EPA's actions and on Johnson's
relationship with the White House. That scrutiny is almost certain to intensify
as the Bush administration attempts to deepen its imprint on environmental policy
before leaving office in January. In the coming months, EPA is expected to issue
some of the most controversial regulations of the Bush era - on global warming,
pollution from "factory" farms, emissions from coal-fired power plants,
and industrial emissions of lead.
Johnson denies that he is a White House puppet. "Each of these decisions
is my decision, my decision alone," he told National Journal in a March
28 interview. "One of the things that I've learned in my 27 years at EPA
and being in a variety of decision-making capacities is that it's not a popularity
contest.... I completely reject the fact that I don't listen to my staff,"
he said. "I spend hours upon hours with them, going through various options
and understanding the implications."
Johnson's approach to his job is defended by Jeff Holmstead, who headed EPA's
air-pollution and radiation program during Bush's first term. "Different
administrators have very different views of their role," said Holmstead,
a partner at Bracewell & Giuliani. "There are some EPA administrators
who really go out of their way to represent the environmental community. And
there are other EPA administrators who go out of their way to really be part
of the administration." From that perspective, Johnson is the consummate
team player.
Never Popular
Industry lobbyists say they are tired of hearing that the Bush EPA always sides
with the business community. "You're not talking to a person who says,
'Wow, we got a break from the agency,'" said William Kovacs, vice president
of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce's environment, technology, and regulatory affairs
division.
In the case of ozone, for example, Kovacs noted that a broad coalition of industry
groups waged an aggressive - but ultimately unsuccessful - campaign to persuade
the Bush administration not to toughen air-pollution regulations. The chamber,
the American Petroleum Institute, the American Farm Bureau Federation, and other
business organizations argued that any new restriction would hurt the economies
of hundreds of communities already struggling to meet federal air-pollution
demands.
Kovacs insists that Bush has the right to intervene in controversial environmental
debates and overrule EPA's scientific panels and staff members. "The last
time I checked, the executive branch was run by the president of the United
States," Kovacs said. "And it is up to him to execute the laws, not
some scientist who is sitting in a windowless office and has one opinion and
who wasn't elected."
Business lobbyists and environmental advocates agree that the administration
has adopted several groundbreaking programs to protect the environment. Under
Bush, regulators have reduced sulfur dioxide pollution from diesel-powered trucks;
curbed emissions from ships, trains, and construction equipment; and imposed
record fines on some of the nation's biggest polluters.
Holmstead notes that EPA is never particularly popular with business. "When
I was in the EPA air office, it was hard to find a U.S. industry that we didn't
regulate," he said. "What EPA does is impose very expensive regulations
on the business community. Therefore, EPA is viewed with a little more skepticism
perhaps than some of the other agencies." Every White House keeps a close
eye on the agency for fear that its regulators will ignore the economic costs
of environmental protection, Holmstead said, adding, "EPA may not be well
suited to understand the overall picture, so there needs to be a counterbalance
within the administration."
Bush's supporters contend that congressional Democrats' attacks on EPA are
inherently political. Boxer shoots back, "To say that Democrats' criticism
of the Bush EPA is just politics is ludicrous on its face, because we all breathe
the same air and drink the same water and rely on the EPA to protect us from
the ravages of ozone, lead, perchlorate, and other toxins."
Likewise, Rep. John Dingell, D-Mich., chairman of the House Energy and Commerce
Committee, says that Bush's EPA "has consistently failed to meet the needs
of the American people." Famous for his searing investigations of government
agencies regardless of which party is in the White House, Dingell brags, "I'm
an equal-opportunity son of a bitch."
The Turnabout
Washington insiders say that the Bush White House has significantly altered
the way the federal government approaches environmental protection by quietly
changing the way EPA does its job. For one thing, critics charge, Bush is trying
to starve the agency of cash. The White House's proposed fiscal 2009 budget
would provide just $7.1 billion - fewer actual dollars than EPA has received
in any fiscal year since 1997. Bush's plan, when adjusted for inflation, includes
record-low funding levels for community drinking water facilities and for the
Superfund hazardous-waste cleanup program. Lawmakers from both political parties
say they'll scrap the budget proposal and start from scratch.
Meanwhile, EPA lawyers and scientists say that on some key issues Johnson has
directed agency staffers to come up with legal and scientific justifications
for regulatory decisions that the White House has already made. That's quite
a turnabout from the agency's traditional practice: EPA's professional staff
would craft a proposed regulation in response to a new law or to public health
problems, and the White House and the Office of Management and Budget would
then vet the agency's draft rule.
And it's not just regulations that the White House is said to be taking the
lead on. In December, Johnson announced he would block California from developing
its own program to regulate greenhouse-gas emissions from cars and trucks. Agency
documents gathered by the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee show
that EPA staffers overwhelmingly recommended that Johnson approve California's
request. Agency insiders say that the decision to deny the state a waiver originated
in the White House and that Johnson subsequently ordered EPA lawyers and scientists
to provide a rationale for the rejection. Congressional investigators are checking
internal EPA documents to confirm that sequence of events.
Johnson "appears to have ignored the evidence before the agency and the
requirements of the Clean Air Act," says Oversight Committee Chairman Henry
Waxman, D-Calif. Johnson maintains that EPA scientists and lawyers gave him
a wide range of options for responding to California's request and that he made
the final decision.
Current and former EPA officials also contend that the White House is telling
agency staff members to focus on how much proposed regulations would cost industry,
even when federal law specifically directs EPA to focus only on public health.
"They've tried to achieve a paradigm shift in how EPA makes decisions,"
said Carol Browner, who was EPA administrator during the Clinton administration
and is now with the Albright Group. "They want to shift the agency away
from the historical focus on public health and environmental protection and
toward requiring cost-benefit analyses."
That change, she said, could be hard for the next president to reverse. "The
question is: How much have they loaded that into the under-workings of the agency,
and how do you tease it back out to guarantee that the agency does its job?"
said Browner, who advises Democratic presidential candidate Hillary Rodham Clinton.
House Democrats say that EPA is letting industry call the shots on appointments
to its advisory panels. In May 2007, chemical-industry officials protested the
appointment of Deborah Rice, a Maine government toxicologist, to an EPA panel
charged with reviewing a potentially harmful chemical. Industry officials said
that Rice was biased because she had testified about the health hazards associated
with the chemical. After receiving a letter of protest from the American Chemistry
Council, the lobbying group for the nation's largest chemical manufacturers,
Johnson dismissed Rice from the panel. Dingell later noted in a letter to EPA
that Johnson took no action against nine scientific experts on the advisory
panel who had financial ties to the American Chemistry Council or to chemical
companies.
Under Johnson, EPA has been accused of limiting public access to reams of federal
information on pollutants, industries, and agency research - documents that
are supposed to be available under the Freedom of Information Act. EPA has also
eased requirements that companies provide data to the public about the volume
of hazardous chemicals they release into the air and water in a given community.
The most devastating blow to public access came in 2006 when EPA summarily
shuttered several of its libraries around the nation without first developing
a plan for how vital data could be obtained by its staff and the public. According
to a Government Accountability Office report, some librarians at EPA's Washington
headquarters and in regional offices tossed out documents and sold office equipment
at fire-sale prices in their rush to meet prescribed deadlines for closing down.
EPA said that the shutdowns would save money and that much of the material would
be posted online. However, the GAO noted, because of copyright restrictions,
only 10 percent of EPA's data can be digitized for Internet access. In late
March, EPA responded to the GAO report by promising to reopen the libraries
in some fashion.
Jeff Ruch, executive director of Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility,
an alliance of state and federal employees who work on environmental issues,
summed up the EPA staff's frustration over the library closures: "It took
a real special talent to make library management controversial."
Creative Writing
The Bush administration also stands accused of taking an inappropriately creative
and business-oriented approach to interpreting environmental laws. But, increasingly,
that creativity is being slapped down by federal judges, who are ordering EPA
to adhere to the letter of the law.
One of the most dramatic examples involves mercury emissions by coal-fired
power plants. Under the Clean Air Act, EPA must order utilities to install cutting-edge
technology to control such emissions. However, before Johnson became administrator,
other Bush appointees scrapped that part of the law and instead created a cap-and-trade
program allowing companies to buy and sell mercury pollution credits.
In February, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
ridiculed the EPA's interpretation of the law, saying it "deploys the logic
of the Queen of Hearts" in Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.
EPA and a utility-industry group are appealing.
While that legal battle drags on, the utility industry continues to emit 50
tons of mercury each year. EPA's critics contend that its controversial reinterpretation
of the Clean Air Act was an underhanded way to indefinitely postpone federal
controls on mercury emissions. "If the industry believes that delay is
victory, they got it," former EPA Administrator Browner said. Mercury can
cause severe neurological damage and is especially dangerous to young children
and the fetuses of pregnant women who eat contaminated fish.
Opponents also accuse the White House of blocking federal regulation of greenhouse-gas
emissions. During the 2000 presidential campaign, candidate Bush pledged to
control carbon dioxide and other pollutants that cause climate change. But once
in office, the president reversed his position, arguing that global warming
was just a theory and that such restrictions would hurt the U.S. economy. Since
then, the White House has argued that EPA does not have the legal authority
to regulate greenhouse-gas emissions.
However, in April 2007, the Supreme Court ruled that the Clean Air Act requires
EPA to regulate greenhouse gases emitted by cars and trucks if agency scientists
determine that the pollutants are a danger to the public. Responding to the
decision, EPA took seven months trying to pull together a regulatory program.
It spent $5.3 million on contractor services and dedicated 53 EPA employees
to the project, which concluded that the gases are dangerous. The agency then
drafted a 300-page proposal to regulate those emissions. In early December,
the documents were sent to the White House and to other federal agencies for
review.
But last month, Johnson announced that EPA was starting over. He said that
using the Clean Air Act to regulate greenhouse gases from cars and trucks would
have forced regulators to curb global-warming emissions from power plants, factories,
and other businesses. Instead, he said, EPA would examine whether it could use
a recently passed energy bill to address the vehicular emissions.
The reversal infuriated congressional Democrats, state officials, and environmentalists
because the nation's highest court had specifically ruled on EPA's duties under
the Clean Air Act. Johnson's about-face virtually guarantees that the federal
government will not regulate greenhouse gases during Bush's presidency. "The
Bush administration is recklessly abandoning its responsibility to address the
global-warming crisis," Waxman said. Early this month, a coalition of states,
cities, and environmental groups petitioned a federal court to force EPA to
regulate climate-change pollutants under the Clean Air Act.
The agency's legal defeats on mercury and global warming are not isolated cases.
During the past four years, the Bush administration has lost 10 lawsuits on
air-pollution issues alone in the D.C. Circuit Court, which handles most challenges
involving federal regulations. Holmstead, who authored the mercury rule while
at EPA, insists the administration has been the victim of a liberal court. "It
does seem that the court has been more willing to stretch the law if [EPA] does
something that is viewed as pro-environmental versus when the environmentalists
oppose it," he said.
But Lazarus, the Georgetown law professor, said that both Republican and Democratic
appointees have ruled against the environmental policies of the Bush White House
and EPA. "They've lost a lot of their major reforms in court, and they've
lost them with balanced panels," he pointed out.
Former EPA lawyer Eric Schaeffer agreed. "These guys are losing these
lawsuits on the plain language of the statute," said Schaeffer, who spent
12 years at EPA and headed the agency's regulatory enforcement office during
the Clinton administration and early in the current administration. "The
court is saying, 'You haven't read the law.' That's how you get conservative
judges to side with the environment. You draw a circle around the statute and
say, 'This was written by Congress.'" Schaeffer now runs the Environmental
Integrity Project, an advocacy group.
In the absence of federal regulations on mercury, global warming, and other
pollution problems, the states are increasingly developing their own curbs,
noted Becker of the air regulators group: "By not taking strong action
in a lot of these areas, the agency is inviting the states to act. And, by golly,
they have."
Now, industry officials have begun complaining that the states are creating
a patchwork of regulatory programs and that a uniform federal standard would
be easier to meet.
Closing Time
As Bush's presidency winds down, EPA is drawing up a long list of new environmental
policies. "As the president said, he's sprinting to the finish line. And
I, too, am sprinting to the finish line," Johnson said.
His critics are bracing for the worst. "The administration is going to
be pushing out some very obnoxious stuff," predicts John Walke, director
of the Natural Resources Defense Council's clean-air program. "They've
got their agenda all lined up. And they want to accomplish as much as they can
before they leave office."
Some of the administration's environmental proposals - the president's EPA
budget, for example - can be ignored by Congress. Others will no doubt be challenged
in court. But quite a few actions will be difficult to reverse - even under
a new, more environmentally friendly administration. "Realistically, it
would take half of an administration to overturn the damage they've done through
rule-making," Walke said. "And that's if you start immediately and
succeed at overturning everything that was harmful from the past eight years.
That's probably not likely. It's daunting at best."
As Becker sees it, "Under any new administration, including a McCain administration,
they need to come in from the get-go and turn the page. They need to move on.
People at EPA will feel relieved." Browner said she would counsel the next
EPA administrator to take a firm stand on key environmental issues. She recalled
the advice she received from the agency's first head: "Ruckelshaus told
me, 'If you're not prepared on occasion to use your position and power to go
directly to the president and ask him to support a decision you're making, you
shouldn't take the job.'"
In the meantime, disgruntled EPA professionals are longing for the day when
the next administration takes over their agency. "It's not a Republican-versus-Democrat
issue," said union representative Hirzy. "It's just that in the last
eight years we've had a reactionary operation here that has just been murderous.
01/20/09 - that's the magic number."
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