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High Temperatures and Even Higher Anxiety in Europe    •

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    Divisions Over Global Warming Threaten EU-US Climate Meeting
    The Independent UK

    Friday 27 April 2007

    Divisions over climate change threaten to derail a set piece EU-US summit and overshadow moves to strengthen transatlantic economic ties.

    With time running out before Monday's meeting in Washington, some EU diplomats suggested that a weak declaration on global warming would be worse than no statement at all.

    The meeting, which will be hosted by George Bush and attended by Germany's Chancellor, Angela Merkel, was seen as an opportunity for Europe and the US to align their positions on climate change before a G8 meeting in June. That gathering will be chaired by Ms Merkel, who holds the presidencies of the EU and G8 and who is pressing for a deal on the fight against global warming.

    But the divisions prompted key players to play down the importance of the meeting yesterday. The US ambassador to the EU, C. Boyden Gray, said the summit "will not be a defining moment" on climate change, suggesting that agreements on transatlantic economic co-operation will be more concrete and far-reaching.

    The German EU presidency said it was confident that the communiqué language will be agreed. However, European diplomats cast doubt over the likelihood of a significant breakthrough. The US has dug in over its insistence that there should be no commitment to binding targets unless developing countries such as China and India follow suit.

    The hard line from the White House prompted internal divisions on the European side and tension among different parts of the government of Germany.

    Ms Merkel's economic adviser, Jens Weidmann, reflected the caution over what can be achieved, conceding that it was "asking for a bit too much" to expect the US to be convinced to sign up to binding CO2 emissions targets.

    He added: "What's important is that we engage in discussions with our American friends which make it clear for the need to act, and on that basis we can pursue discussions as part of the G8 process."

    European officials have been fighting for a communiqué that makes a reference to EU climate change policies, recognises that the problem of global warming is manmade and that there is a need to reach a worldwide deal on tackling it but that the EU has committed to a 20 per cent reduction in CO2 emissions by 2020.

    Mr Gray said there were "some differences" over the declaration, adding: "The main difference is over the weight you give to new technologies versus binding targets now."

    The US argues that it is investing more than the EU in technologies such as carbon capture, which could help countries such as China to tackle emissions.

    He said there would be "real meat on the bone" of discussions on setting up a transatlantic economic council to identify barriers to trade and co-ordinate regulations and commercial and technical standards.

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    High Temperatures and Even Higher Anxiety in Europe
    By James Kanter
    The International Herald Tribune

    Thursday 26 April 2007

    Paris - Whatever happened to spring? Wherever it has gone, few people seem to be complaining - for now.

    Café owners with outdoor terraces are among those who have been taking advantage of unseasonably warm weather across many parts of Western Europe. Evelyne Nataf, 56, whose restaurant serves crepes, has been earning several hundred extra euros at lunchtime by squeezing tables and chairs into a sunny alcove.

    "I've never seen such good weather so early," said Nataf, who barely had time to pause to chat while hurriedly laying tables on Thursday morning. The conditions "probably are a bad thing for the planet but they're definitely a good thing for us," she said.

    Since the start of April, the temperatures and dryness have set records in parts of France and Germany. Large swathes of northern of France have been so cloudless, there have been about 11 hours of sunshine per day for the last few weeks, nearly double the usual amount.

    There also has been a lack of rain in Italy, the Netherlands and Britain, prompting tourists and locals alike to spend more of their time and money dining outdoors and buying supplies for barbecues and picnics.

    While few object to putting on sunglasses and lighter clothing earlier than usual, there already are fears that droughts and electricity shortages are just around the corner. For some climate change experts, the unseasonably high temperatures are a reason for anxiety, not relaxation.

    "We have this attitude of going out and enjoying the weather when we're having a nice fall, a nice winter, and a nice spring," said Stéphane Hallegatte, who participates in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, a UN body.

    But look out for summer, he warned. "Four seasons of warm weather in a row can create quite a shock to our ecosystem," said Hallegatte, who is also a researcher at the International Center for Research on the Environment and Development in France. He foresees restrictions on water use and a growing likelihood of infestations by insects and pests.

    Frédéric Nathan, a forecaster with Météo France, the national weather agency, attributed the current phenomena in part to a weather system in Eastern Europe and warm air from North Africa - conditions that are expected to continue through the weekend.

    But "there also is the factor of global warming," said Nathan, who added that this month was likely to be the warmest April on record in France.

    "We've had an exceptionally warm month with temperatures more than 10 degrees above the seasonal averages, and we expect the next three months to be above normal," he said.

    There was barely a drop of rain in some parts of France during most of April, something that is "very, very rare," Nathan said.

    British forecasters also say April is likely to set a new record in terms of highest mean temperature. They predict the heat to continue. "Signals for the rest of the summer indicate another warmer than average summer," said Barry Grommet, a press officer at the Met Office.

    He cited dry, warm air from the Continent rather than climate change. Even so, recent trends "continue upwards, which reinforces the concept of warming climate," he said.

    Globally, the five warmest years ever recorded have been within the past decade, with 2005 setting the record, according to Hallegatte, who said there was ample evidence that climate change was underway.

    While April in cities like Paris has rarely been so lovely, unease about the warmth is growing.

    Prime Minister Romano Prodi of Italy is scheduled to meet his cabinet next week to discuss emergency measures - and possibly call a state of emergency - to free up aid to deal with a drought after northern Italy and pockets of central Italy experienced record-setting heat during April.

    Luca Cordera di Montezomolo, the chairman of the Italian employers association Confindustria, has warned that the dry conditions could cause the closure of several factories.

    In Germany, the Wednesday edition of the newspaper Bild carried a front- page headline predicting a "Sahara summer."

    Temperatures of 30 degrees Celsius, or 86 degree Fahrenheit, are predicted in some regions including Frankfurt this weekend and the German weather service is "quite certain" April will be the warmest, sunniest and driest since 1901, when weather monitoring began.

    In a sign of changes underway in Europe, clement conditions have led people to experiment with vineyards and olive groves in parts of Devon and Cornwall in Britain.

    Guy Gagen, the chief crops adviser for the National Farmers Union, said there was plenty of rainfall over the winter in Britain and that oil seed rape, the third biggest crop grown in Britain, was flowering two weeks earlier than usual and might yield a better harvest because of the sunnier weather.

    But even as some farmers prosper, others are likely to suffer - including commuters on the overcrowded and under-ventilated underground trains in London.

    "This summer; if the weather is as hot as some are predicting it will be difficult down there," said Peter Maclennan of Transport for London. None of the underground trains in London are scheduled to be air-conditioned until 2009, he said.

    Catherine Gildea, who works in London in public relations, said she was enjoying the better weather for now, but still felt apprehensive.

    "Everywhere looks nice," she said. But "in the back of my mind there is a feeling that it's just not right."

    Hot weather has a macabre history in France, where extreme heat in August 2003 led to 14,802 more deaths than usual for that time of year. The majority were elderly.

    Karine Léger, a spokeswoman for Airparif, an independent agency tracking pollution levels in and around Paris, said the sunshine and heat already were exacerbating the effects of tailpipe fumes and other emissions, and could trigger respiratory and eye conditions and other disorders.

    Airparif issued its earliest ever ozone-alert this year, on April 15, beating a previous record of May 30, which was set in 2003.

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